White workers have the largest median income disparity by sex. Across all race/ethnicity groups in lower-paid frontline work, women make between $1,000 and $7,000 less than men do. Women in lower-paid frontline occupations are more likely to have lower median incomes than their male counterparts. For higher-paid frontline work, that range is about $42,600 to $72,000. The median income for lower-paid frontline work across race and ethnicity ranges from $22,000 to about $24,600. Subscribe to our newsletter Median income of frontline workers by race/ethnicity and sex Slightly over one-half (54%) of frontline workers earn $30,000 or less. Under this definition, frontline occupations account for about one in every four workers. We divided them into higher- and lower-income frontline occupations using the benchmark of $30,000 income (roughly 120% of the poverty threshold for a family of four in the U.S.). (sample size=7.7 million) to identify a group of 71 frontline occupations. We used data from the 2018 American Community Survey (ACS) for the entire U.S. Frontline workers are employed in a variety of industries, but especially in medical and health services, law enforcement, retailing, and meat processing. ![]() While everyone is at risk for contracting the virus, and everyone can take some mitigation steps to reduce that risk, frontline workers, in contrast to those being able to work remotely from home, absorb additional risks when, for example, they take public transportation to/from their jobs, in addition to working directly with patients, customers, co-workers, and clients. These issues include income inequality as well as sex and racial/ethnic differentials in how the virus affects individuals and populations. The coronavirus pandemic has shone a bright light on many inequities in U.S. Frontline workers are poorly paid, are disproportionately African American, Hispanic, and female, and are also less likely to have health insurance than workers in other occupations. ![]() Lily Casura, Ricardo Lowe, Jr., Cristina Martinez, Sarah Serpas, Victoria Castellanos, and Joachim Singelmann examine the sociodemographic characteristics of frontline workers in the United States in terms of race/ethnicity, sex, and income.įrontline occupations are defined as those involving close face-to-face contacts with consumers, clients, and patients, or where social distancing is impossible (e.g., meat-processing plants).
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